Such objects are not composed of a random scattering of points. Now, consider ordinary objects we see and use in our everyday life. This inverse problem can be resolved by imposing a priori constraints on the family of possible 3D interpretations. Note that line-drawings lack most depth cues, including binocular disparity, shading, and cast-shadows. There are infinitely many 3D interpretations of a 2D contour-drawing. These well-known facts present a problem because according to Inverse-Problem Theory, the recovery of the shape of a 3D object from a 2D drawing is an ill-posed inverse problem. Human beings can see the shape and position of a 3D object veridically when given only 2D drawings of it, and they can also recognize such objects reliably. Neither the luminance-polarity nor luminance-gradients are present in a contour-drawing. These characteristic features include self-occluding boundaries on the surface of objects, ridges on the surface, as well as sharp edges on surfaces (see for reviews). These contours represent an abrupt change of the luminance, color, or texture in the image and characteristic features in the 3D information. There are computer vision algorithms that try to emulate this artists’ skill and can generate contour-drawings from 2D photographic-images of 3D scenes and from 3D information contained in the scene. The sponsors or funders play no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.Īrtists can represent a 3D scene with 3D objects by using only contours in a 2D contour-drawing and people can recognize the scene and objects reliably from such drawings. įunding: This article was prepared within the framework of the Academic Fund Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University) in 2019 (grant № 19-04-006, awarded to TS) and by the Russian Academic Excellence Project «5-100». This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All empirical data reported in this study are available from. Received: JAccepted: NovemPublished: January 22, 2021Ĭopyright: © 2021 Farshchi et al. PLoS ONE 16(1):Įditor: Markus Lappe, University of Muenster, GERMANY Citation: Farshchi M, Kiba A, Sawada T (2021) Seeing our 3D world while only viewing contour-drawings.
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